Chapter 14. Creating Collaborative Partnerships

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Teams, Partnerships and Alliances

• Organizations create and use teams, partnerships and alliances to :
  - Undertake new initiatives
  - Address both minor and major problems
  - Capitalize on significant opportunities
• Organizations create teams, partnerships, and alliances both internally with employees and externally with other organizations
• Collaboration system - supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and the flow of information.

• Organizations from alliances and partnerships with other organizations based on their core competency
  - Core competency - an organization's key strength, a business function that it does better than any of its competitors
  - Core competency strategy - organizations chooses to focus specifically on its core competency and forms partnerships with other organizations to handle nonstrategic business processes
• Information technology can make a business partnership easier to establish and manage
  -  Information partnership - occurs when two or more organizations cooperate by integrating their IT systems, thereby providing customers with the best of what each can offer
• The internet has dramatically increased the ease and availability for IT-enabled organizational alliances and partnerships

Collaboration Systems

• Collaboration solves specific business tasks such as telecommuting, online meetings, deploying applications, and remote project and sales management
• Collaboration system - an IT-based set of tools that supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of information
• Two categories of collaboration :
  i) Unstructured collaboration ( Information collaboration ) - includes document exchange, shared whiteboards, discussion forums, e-mail
  ii) Structured collaboration (process collaboration) - involves shared participation in business processes such as workflow in which knowledge is hardcoded as rules 
• Collaborative business functions :

• Collaboration systems include :
  - Knowledge management systems
  - Content management systems
  - Workflow management systems
  - Groupware systems

Knowledge Management Systems

• Knowledge management (KM) - involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing information assets in a way that provide context for effective decisions and actions
• Knowledge management system - supports the capturing and use of an organization's "know-how"
• Intellectual and knowledge-based assets fall into two categories :
  i) Explicit knowledge - consists of anything that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of IT
  ii) Tacit knowledge - knowledge contained in people's heads

• The following are two practices for transferring or recreating tacit knowledge
  - Shadowing - less experienced staff observed more experienced staff to learn how their more experienced counterparts approach their work
  - Joint problem solving - a novice and expert work together on a project
• Reasons why organizations launch knowledge management programs :
  - Increase profits and revenues
  - Rotain key talent and expertise
  - Improve customer retention and/or satisfaction
  - Defend market share against new entrants
  - Accelerate time to market with products
  - Penetrate new market segments
  - Reduce cost
  - Develop new products and services

KM Technologies

• Knowledge management systems include :
  - Knowledge repositories (database)
  - Expertise tools
  - E-learning applications
  - Discussion and chat technologies
  - Search and data mining tools

KM and Social Networking

• Finding out how information flows through an organization
  - Social networking analysis (SNA) - a process of mapping a group's contacts (whether personal or professional) to identify who knows whom and who works with whom
  - SNA provides a clear picture of how employees and divisions work together and can help identify key experts

Social networking

Content Management

• Content management system (CMS) - provides tools to manage teh creation , storage, editing, publication of information in a collaborative environment
• CMS marketplace includes :
  - Document management system (DMS)
  - Digital asset management system (DAM)
  - Web content management system (WCM)
• Document management system (DMS)- Supports the electronic capturing, storage distributions, archival and accessing of documents
• Digital Asset management systems (DAM)- Similar to DMS, generally works with binary rather than text files, such as multimedia files types
• Web Content management systems (WCM)- Adds an additional layer to document and digital asset management that enables publishing content both to intranets and to public Web sites
• Content management system vendor overview

Working Wikis

• Wikis - Web-based tools that make it easy for users to add, remove, and change online content
• Business wikis - collaborative Web pages that allows users  to edit documents, share ideas, or monitor the status of a project

Workflow Management Systems 

• Work activities can be performed in series or in parallel that involves people and automated computer systems
• Workflow - defines all the steps or business rules, from beginning to the end, required for a business process
• Workflow management system - facilitates the automation and management of the business processes and controls the movement of work through the business process
• Messaging-based workflow system - sends work assignments through an e-mail system
• Database-based workflow management system - stores documents in a central location and automatically asks the team members to access the document when it is their turn to edit the document

Groupware Systems

• Groupware technologies

• Groupware - software that supports team interaction and dynamics including calendaring, scheduling, and videoconferencing

• Videoconferencing - a set of interactive telecommunication technologies that allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously
• Web conferencing - blends audio, video and document-sharing technologies to create virtual meeting rooms where people "gather" at a password-protected Web site.
• Instant messaging - type of communications services that enables someone to create a kind of private chat room with another individual to communicate in real-time over the internet
  - E-mail is the dominant form of collaboration application,  but real-time collaboration tools like instant messaging are creating a new communication dynamic
  

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